• Calls for strategic implementation

The Centre for the Promotion of Private Enterprise (CPPE), yesterday said tax reform is essential for Nigeria’s fiscal sustainability, but implementation strategy will ultimately determine the success or failure. The economic think-tank group noted that a phased, pragmatic, and socially sensitive approach anchored on trust, economic realities and political timing offers the most credible pathway to sustainable revenue growth, expanded compliance and long-term legitimacy.

Besides, the CPPE advocates that a strategic implementation framework anchored on revenue efficiency rather than blanket enforcement should drive the process as empirical evidence consistently show that a small proportion of taxpayers account for the bulk of tax revenue.

The body noted that about 20 per cent of businesses generate close to 90 per cent of tax receipts, while about 20 per cent of taxpayers contribute over 80 per cent of personal income tax. It therefore submitted that concentrating enforcement on large corporations, established SMEs, and high-net-worth individuals will deliver substantial revenue gains without destabilising livelihoods or deepening social resistance.

The Chief Executive Officer, CPPE, Dr. Muda Yusuf, in a statement made available to The Trust News, noted that tax reform is not a one-off exercise; but rather a dynamic process that must evolve with implementation feedback, economic conditions and social realities.

The CPPE boss advised that in the short to medium term, tax authorities should prioritise the formal sector, where compliance capacity already exists, adding that the informal sector should be integrated gradually through incentives, sustained tax education, simplified compliance tools, and digital onboarding support.

“Shifting the emphasis from penalties to compliance-building will produce more durable outcomes. The objective should be to grow the tax net organically, not force it prematurely. With 2026 shaping up as a pre-election year, political and social caution is imperative. Aggressive, broad-based enforcement risks social discontent, political backlash, and potential reform reversal. Stability, trust-building, and reform credibility must take precedence over short-term enforcement optics,” Dr. Yusuf cautioned.

According to him, Nigeria’s ongoing tax reform ranks among the most ambitious fiscal restructuring efforts in recent decades. Conceptually, he argued, it is a sound and progressive framework aimed at strengthening revenue mobilisation, improving equity, simplifying the tax system and aligning fiscal policy with economic diversification and growth objectives.

He however expressed concerns that good policy design does not guarantee good outcomes. He stressed that the ultimate success or failure of the country’s tax reform will depend far less on its legislative provisions and far more on how it is implemented because without careful sequencing, political sensitivity, and economic realism, even well-intentioned reforms can trigger resistance, disrupt livelihoods, and further erode public trust.

“Nigeria’s current reform is unfolding under unusually delicate circumstances. The economy is still absorbing the aftershocks of elevated inflation, weakened purchasing power, and the adjustment costs of fuel subsidy removal and foreign exchange reforms. Many households and businesses are experiencing reform fatigue. Compounding this is the approach of a politically sensitive pre-election period.

“In this context, expecting full and simultaneous compliance across all sectors of the economy is unrealistic. A rigid, enforcement-heavy approach risks undermining reform credibility before its benefits have time to materialise,” Dr. Yusuf said.

According to the CPPE boss, despite public controversy, the tax reform framework contains several commendable and pro-welfare provisions. He listed these to include but not limited: Low-income earners are exempted from personal income tax, while VAT relief on basic goods and essential services—including education, healthcare, agriculture, and cultural activities—provides important social protection. Small businesses benefit from relief from company income tax and VAT obligations, easing compliance pressures on vulnerable enterprises.

On the growth side, Dr. Yusuf said the targeted incentives for priority and job-creating sectors strengthen alignment between tax policy and Nigeria’s diversification agenda.

“The rationalisation of multiple taxes, repeal of obsolete laws, and improved coherence of the tax system also respond to long-standing private-sector demands and could enhance predictability and investor confidence if properly implemented,” he said.

The CPPE argued that any serious discussion of tax reform in Nigeria must confront the scale of the informal economy. The group argued that with an estimated 40 million micro, small, and nano enterprises—over 80 per cent operating informally, the informal sector is not peripheral; it is central to employment, income generation, and economic resilience.

“Most informal operators lack structured record-keeping systems and have limited understanding of tax concepts such as Tax Filing obligations, Company Income Tax [CIT], Value Added Tax [VAT], Personal Income Tax [PIT], Withholding Tax etc.. Businesses are largely cash-based, operate on thin margins, and often lack the literacy and digital capacity required for compliance. They also lack the capacity to digest the technical and somewhat complex issues around taxation.

“Yet the new tax framework introduces mandatory filing requirements, defined record-keeping standards, penalties for non-compliance, and presumptive taxation where records are inadequate. Without careful sequencing, these provisions risk criminalising informality rather than encouraging gradual and voluntary formalisation,” the CPPE said.

He however regretted that public resistance to the reform is not merely a communication failure but it is rooted in lived experience. This, he explained is because for many Nigerians, past reforms have translated into higher living costs and declining welfare, with little evidence that sacrifices result in improved public services.

Besides, Dr. Yusuf noted that several specific provisions and regulations have intensified concerns among small businesses and households. For instance, he said the mandatory reporting of quarterly bank transactions of ₦25 million and above to the tax authority has raised anxiety among SMEs that handle pass-through or custodial funds that do not constitute income. High-turnover, low-margin businesses risk undue scrutiny and costly compliance disputes.

Also is the the proposed increase in capital gains tax from 10 percent to 30 percent-despite assurances around thresholds- has unsettled investors in the stock market and real estate at a time when confidence remains fragile. Similarly, the ₦500,000 annual rent relief cap is misaligned with prevailing urban housing costs and risks further squeezing middle-class disposable income. Concerns are further heightened by the wide enforcement powers granted to tax authorities and the severity of penalties and sanctions embedded in the tax laws.

“A weak social contract continues to undermine confidence that additional tax revenues will be transparently and efficiently deployed. With businesses and households still recovering from recent macroeconomic shocks, tolerance for new compliance demands is understandably low. In this environment, trust is as critical as technical design,” he said.

As the nation continue to grapple with electricity challenges, irrespective of the reforms being implemented , stakeholders and economists in the country have said the Power sector reform in the country remains a long-term and incremental process rather than a quick fix.

They based their submission on the sector’s complexity, political economy constraints, and institutional weaknesses, which would make the progress gradual rather than instant, warning that without decisive action to address structural inefficiencies, improve governance, and ensure fiscal discipline, the current trajectory will remain unsustainable.

An economist and Chief Executive, Center for the promotion of Private Enterprise (CPPE), Dr. Muda Yusuf, noted that despite multiple reform efforts over the years, the sector continues to face deep structural, financial, and governance challenges.

These challenges, he said, are multi-dimensional, spanning political economy constraints, tariff distortions, weak investor capacity, transmission bottlenecks, and a persistent liquidity crisis across the value chain.

He argued that the inability to implement a fully cost-reflective tariff regime—largely due to social and political sensitivities following recent macroeconomic reforms—has entrenched subsidy dependence and widened the sector’s financing gap, thereby making government intervention to become unavoidable in the short term to prevent system collapse and sustain electricity.

He listed recent macroeconomic reforms, including foreign exchange unification and fuel subsidy removal, to have further complicated the reform environment by heightening cost-of-living pressures and intensifying resistance to tariff adjustments in the power sector.

“However, without cost-reflective pricing, the sector is unable to generate sufficient liquidity to sustain operations or attract new investment. The resulting subsidy burden has forced government to repeatedly intervene financially, effectively transferring inefficiencies and revenue shortfalls onto the public balance sheet,” the CPPE boss said.
Yusuf made it known that the current trajectory, characterised by rising sector debt currently at about ₦4 trillion, is fiscally unsustainable without deeper structural corrections, improved transparency, and gradual but credible reform implementation.

Giving an analysis of the sector, yesterday, the CPPE helmsman advocated for a balanced approach-one that combines short-term government support with medium- to long-term structural reform. This, he noted, is essential to building a financially viable, reliable, and inclusive power sector that can support Nigeria’s economic growth and development.

According to Yusuf, the current financing model for the sector is not sustainable. He’s arguement is based on the sector’s liabilities which have risen to nearly ₦4 trillion and continue to grow.

He therefore warned that there is an urgent need to ensure that all outstanding claims are properly verified; subjected to rigorous audit and managed transparently and credibly.

“Nigeria’s experience with fuel subsidy regimes demonstrates the vulnerability of subsidy systems to abuse and malpractice. Strong oversight and accountability mechanisms are therefore essential to prevent similar outcomes in the power sector,” Yusuf warned.

He noted that one of the major problems that has. Continued to weigh on the finances of the sector is the lack of a cost reflective tariff regime.

To address this, Yusuf, a policy analyst, admonished for the implementation of a phased and predictable transition toward cost-reflective pricing, with targeted social protection for vulnerable consumers.

This, he said, should be backed by a strong governance and accountability regime which will be targeted at improving transparency in subsidy management, debt verification, and financial settlements.

Importantly, he further added, is the urgency in addressing the distribution sector weaknesses. This will be by way of enforcing performance benchmarks for Discos, including recapitalisation, technical upgrades, and loss reduction.

The CPPE boss also canvassed for a reform in transmission management by exploring alternative management or concession models for TCN to improve efficiency and investment.

“It is important to support decentralization and renewables; encourage state-level initiatives, independent power projects, and renewable energy adoption to reduce pressure on the national grid. Also, we need to limit fiscal exposure as government financial support should be clearly time-bound and linked to measurable reform milestones,” Yusuf argued.

• 200 electric buses to cost N58 billion
• New BoA HQ in Eko Atlantic to cost N187 billion

The Federal Executive Council (FEC) on Wednesday approved a series of projects spanning industry, trade and aviation, including the purchase of 200 electric buses, adoption of a new national industrial policy and upgrades of navigational and safety equipment in airports across the country.

Speaking with journalists at the State House after the meeting presided over by President Bola Ahmed Tinubu, the Minister of State for Industry, Trade and Investment, John Eno, and the Minister of Aviation and Aerospace Development, Festus Keyamo, outlined the approvals granted to their respective ministries.

Eno said five memos were considered for his ministry, with three relating directly to industrial development.
He said Council approved the supply of 200 electric buses, at the cost of N58 billion for the National Automotive Design and Development Council, describing the decision as a significant boost to Nigeria’s automotive and green mobility aspirations.

He added that the design and construction of a new Bank of Industry headquarters at Eko Atlantic City, Lagos, also received approval, at a total cost of N187 billion.

Meanwhile, Council endorsed the Nigerian Industrial Policy 2025, a document he said was crucial to attracting global development partners and guiding the country’s manufacturing and diversification agenda.

“When I came in, development partners would not engage us because we lacked an industrial policy. This document now gives Nigeria a proper guide for industrialisation and aligns with the President’s economic diversification drive”, he said.

On trade and investment matters, the minister said Council approved the construction of internal and access roads within the Lekki Medical Tourism Park, Lagos.

Nigeria, he added, had also been confirmed as host of the next Intra-African Trade Fair following a competitive bidding process in collaboration with Afreximbank.

Lagos will serve as host city, with the Wole Soyinka Centre for Culture and Creative Arts (formerly National Theatre, Iganmu) designated as the main venue.

“This is a huge event for the continent and positions Nigeria strongly within the African Continental Free Trade Area. It reinforces our ambition to become Africa’s hub for industrialisation rather than a dumping ground”, Eno said.

Also briefing, Keyamo said Council approved several aviation infrastructure and safety projects, including continued maintenance and technical support services at the Aminu Kano International Airport by China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation (CCECC), the builders of the airport’s new terminal.

He noted that the arrangement also includes training Nigerians to take over maintenance duties in the near future.
The minister also announced approvals for advanced navigational and safety technologies, including procurement and installation of the Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control System at Lagos and Abuja airports to detect obstructions on runways and alert approaching aircraft.

Other approvals include construction of modular air traffic control towers in eight airports, installation of aeronautical frequency spectrum monitoring and interference detection systems, and upgrades of air-ground radio communication systems at nine airports, including Lagos, Abuja, Port Harcourt, Kano, Ilorin, Maiduguri, Sokoto and Wukari.

Keyamo said the measures reflect the President’s insistence on aviation safety across the country.
“Our airspace is now one of the safest in Africa because of our compliance level since this administration came in. The President continues to insist that Nigerians must fly safely”, he said.

He added that Council also approved continued expansion of biometric-enabled electronic gates at all international airports to fast-track immigration processing and improve passenger experience.